2 December 10, 2020
Articles
1. Marina Ch. Larionova, Alexey S. Tishchenko
The Idea of “Moscow, Third Rome” by Philotheus: on the Formation of the Concept of “Russian World”
Russkaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 83-90.
Number of views: 390 Download in PDF
2. Oleg A. GromRusskaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 83-90.
Abstract:
The concept “Russian world”, which is actively used in diverse fields of science, is associated with various social ideas. One of these ideas is “Moscow, third Rome”, which took shape in the epistles of Elder Philotheus. This article analyzes the influence of the theory “Moscow, third Rome” on the formation and establishment of the concept of “Russian world”. This idea presupposes the opposition of Russia and Western and Eastern civilizations, deduces the opposition of the Russian world to the “non-Russian”. The perception of the Russian people as the last bearer of the Orthodox statehood allows us to speak about the special historical significance of Russia. The role of Moscow as a center spiritually uniting Orthodox peoples added credibility to the Russian state, which was at the stage of formation and strengthening. The presence of a single strong state is one of the conditions for the formation of the concept of the “Russian world”. Based on the messages of Elder Philotheus, one can deduce the values of the Russian world: the presence and sovereignty of the state, the sacredness of power, spirituality, conciliarity, and messianism. The idea of “Moscow, third Rome” puts forward strict requirements for the ruler, who appears to be the ideal leader, absorbing the best qualities of the Russian world. Thus, the idea of “Moscow, third Rome” influenced the formation of the concept of “Russian world”, the question of which is promising for scientific research.
The concept “Russian world”, which is actively used in diverse fields of science, is associated with various social ideas. One of these ideas is “Moscow, third Rome”, which took shape in the epistles of Elder Philotheus. This article analyzes the influence of the theory “Moscow, third Rome” on the formation and establishment of the concept of “Russian world”. This idea presupposes the opposition of Russia and Western and Eastern civilizations, deduces the opposition of the Russian world to the “non-Russian”. The perception of the Russian people as the last bearer of the Orthodox statehood allows us to speak about the special historical significance of Russia. The role of Moscow as a center spiritually uniting Orthodox peoples added credibility to the Russian state, which was at the stage of formation and strengthening. The presence of a single strong state is one of the conditions for the formation of the concept of the “Russian world”. Based on the messages of Elder Philotheus, one can deduce the values of the Russian world: the presence and sovereignty of the state, the sacredness of power, spirituality, conciliarity, and messianism. The idea of “Moscow, third Rome” puts forward strict requirements for the ruler, who appears to be the ideal leader, absorbing the best qualities of the Russian world. Thus, the idea of “Moscow, third Rome” influenced the formation of the concept of “Russian world”, the question of which is promising for scientific research.
Number of views: 390 Download in PDF
The Images of the Peoples of the Don in Popular and Popular Literature of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries
Russkaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 91-98.
Number of views: 409 Download in PDF
3. Andrey V. VenkovRusskaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 91-98.
Abstract:
The article analyzes the reflection of the ethnic diversity of the Don and the Azov region in popular geographical descriptions and textbooks on local history (homeland studies) of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Among all the ethnic groups of the Oblast of the Don Host, the Don Cossacks and Kalmyks attracted the greatest interest to the authors of this kind of publications, Cossacks due to their numerical dominance in the region, and Kalmyks due to their anthropological and cultural exoticism. At the same time, Little Russians, having a quarter of the region's population, often either remained out of sight of the authors, or were described extremely sparingly. The images of peoples in the studied literature were often extremely stereotyped, and descriptions moved from one book to another.
The article analyzes the reflection of the ethnic diversity of the Don and the Azov region in popular geographical descriptions and textbooks on local history (homeland studies) of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Among all the ethnic groups of the Oblast of the Don Host, the Don Cossacks and Kalmyks attracted the greatest interest to the authors of this kind of publications, Cossacks due to their numerical dominance in the region, and Kalmyks due to their anthropological and cultural exoticism. At the same time, Little Russians, having a quarter of the region's population, often either remained out of sight of the authors, or were described extremely sparingly. The images of peoples in the studied literature were often extremely stereotyped, and descriptions moved from one book to another.
Number of views: 409 Download in PDF
Adaptation of the Don Cossacks to Post-War Life (1920)
Russkaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 99-108.
Number of views: 411 Download in PDF
4. Sergei A. KropachevRusskaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 99-108.
Abstract:
The Don Cossacks were devastated during the Civil War and sought to get out of the war and come to terms with the new government. The Northern districts, which suffered heavily from the war, were particularly eager to do this. The Soviet government began to create new authorities from Pro-Soviet Cossacks, and the whites, who surrendered, were included in the Red army and sent to the front against the Poles and Wrangel. However, the Cossacks did not quickly adapt to the Soviet regime. The government did not trust most of the Cossacks, and the Cossacks were dissatisfied with the food policy of the Bolsheviks. There were no open uprising of the Cossacks on the Don in 1920, since the combat-ready Cossacks were either in the Red army or in the troops of General Wrangel. But the situation became explosive again, when the fighting on the fronts ended, and the Cossacks, who served in the Red army learned about the food policy, pursued by the authorities on the Don. Isolated actions of Red army units against the government began. The Don Cossacks did not adapt to post-war life in 1920. A new stage of relations between the Cossacks and the authorities was coming.
The Don Cossacks were devastated during the Civil War and sought to get out of the war and come to terms with the new government. The Northern districts, which suffered heavily from the war, were particularly eager to do this. The Soviet government began to create new authorities from Pro-Soviet Cossacks, and the whites, who surrendered, were included in the Red army and sent to the front against the Poles and Wrangel. However, the Cossacks did not quickly adapt to the Soviet regime. The government did not trust most of the Cossacks, and the Cossacks were dissatisfied with the food policy of the Bolsheviks. There were no open uprising of the Cossacks on the Don in 1920, since the combat-ready Cossacks were either in the Red army or in the troops of General Wrangel. But the situation became explosive again, when the fighting on the fronts ended, and the Cossacks, who served in the Red army learned about the food policy, pursued by the authorities on the Don. Isolated actions of Red army units against the government began. The Don Cossacks did not adapt to post-war life in 1920. A new stage of relations between the Cossacks and the authorities was coming.
Number of views: 411 Download in PDF
Evolution of Models of Demographic Behavior of Russian Ethnic Groups in the 1930s
Russkaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 109-128.
Number of views: 386 Download in PDF
5. David M. GryadskiRusskaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 109-128.
Abstract:
The article is devoted to changes in the demographic behavior of Russian ethnic groups in the 1930s, which occurred primarily under the influence of extremely negative exogenous factors. Birth, death, marriage, divorce, diseases, education and literacy levels, religious beliefs, and other demographic indicators of peoples are analyzed in the context of political processes, global social experiments, and cataclysms. In these conditions, it was difficult for many ethnic groups, especially small ones, to preserve their national roots, identity, including cultural identity. The article examines the factors that determined the way of life and quality of life of the Russian people for many years to come.
The article is devoted to changes in the demographic behavior of Russian ethnic groups in the 1930s, which occurred primarily under the influence of extremely negative exogenous factors. Birth, death, marriage, divorce, diseases, education and literacy levels, religious beliefs, and other demographic indicators of peoples are analyzed in the context of political processes, global social experiments, and cataclysms. In these conditions, it was difficult for many ethnic groups, especially small ones, to preserve their national roots, identity, including cultural identity. The article examines the factors that determined the way of life and quality of life of the Russian people for many years to come.
Number of views: 386 Download in PDF
Bataysk Aviation School of Pilots: Training and Education of Personnel for the Red Army during the Initial Period of the Great Patriotic War (1941−1942)
Russkaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 129-138.
Number of views: 423 Download in PDF
6. Vyacheslav A. IvanovRusskaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 129-138.
Abstract:
The article deals with the consideration of the process of training and education of military pilots in the first years of the Great Patriotic War at the Bataysk Aviation School of Pilots. The article is based on a number of sources such as: regulatory documents, curricula and memoirs of teachers and cadets of the school. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to study and analyze the training system at the Bataysk Aviation School in the early first of the Great Patriotic War in the context of the development of military education in the region. The main sources on this topic are the materials of the meetings of the Rostov Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). In this regard, the most interesting for us are the materials stored in fund 13 of the Center of Documentation of Contemporary History of the Rostov Region, which contain the information on the results of the control and verification exercises of the air defense and air force of the North Caucasus Military District on the eve of the war, which allows us to assess the degree of preparedness of the personnel of the air defense and air forces. Another group of sources is represented by sources of personal origin, in particular the memoirs of the Soviet ace pilot Grigory Dolnikov, which make it possible to reconstruct not only the “official” side of the school’s work, but also the personal side of education in this institution. Methodology includes a number of general scientific methods: description, comparison, synthesis; as well as the historical-anthropological method, which made it possible to reconstruct through the prism of the personal experience of participants in military training. In general, the Bataisk Aviation School met the needs of the Red Army in flight personnel and trained knowledgeable pilots, and also participated in the dissemination of military knowledge in the Rostov region.
The article deals with the consideration of the process of training and education of military pilots in the first years of the Great Patriotic War at the Bataysk Aviation School of Pilots. The article is based on a number of sources such as: regulatory documents, curricula and memoirs of teachers and cadets of the school. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to study and analyze the training system at the Bataysk Aviation School in the early first of the Great Patriotic War in the context of the development of military education in the region. The main sources on this topic are the materials of the meetings of the Rostov Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). In this regard, the most interesting for us are the materials stored in fund 13 of the Center of Documentation of Contemporary History of the Rostov Region, which contain the information on the results of the control and verification exercises of the air defense and air force of the North Caucasus Military District on the eve of the war, which allows us to assess the degree of preparedness of the personnel of the air defense and air forces. Another group of sources is represented by sources of personal origin, in particular the memoirs of the Soviet ace pilot Grigory Dolnikov, which make it possible to reconstruct not only the “official” side of the school’s work, but also the personal side of education in this institution. Methodology includes a number of general scientific methods: description, comparison, synthesis; as well as the historical-anthropological method, which made it possible to reconstruct through the prism of the personal experience of participants in military training. In general, the Bataisk Aviation School met the needs of the Red Army in flight personnel and trained knowledgeable pilots, and also participated in the dissemination of military knowledge in the Rostov region.
Number of views: 423 Download in PDF
Taman Peninsula as the Most Important Strategic Bridgehead in the Struggle for Crimea at the Initial Stage of the Great Patriotic War
Russkaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 139-145.
Number of views: 396 Download in PDF
7. Nicholas W. MitiukovRusskaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 139-145.
Abstract:
The article analyzes the significance of the Taman Peninsula as the most important strategic bridgehead of the Soviet Armed Forces in the Great Patriotic War. Thanks to the creation of a system of military infrastructure on Taman, the command of the Transcaucasian Front planned and carried out the largest landing operation of Soviet troops on the Kerch Peninsula in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War (December 26, 1941 – January 2, 1942). The author examines the unique phenomenon of the crossing of the Red Army and the Black Sea Fleet using the ice road through the Kerch Strait, from Taman to Kerch, in the winter of 1941–1942, which made it possible to strengthen properly the defense of the Kerch Peninsula and weaken the German offensive on the besieged Sevastopol. The publication assesses both the achievements and miscalculations of the Soviet command during the liberation of the Eastern Crimea and the defense of the North Caucasus in the winter of 1941 – in the spring of 1942. The article also shows the contribution of the soldiers of the Transcaucasian (later Crimean) Front and the Black Sea Fleet to the common cause of defeating the Nazi invaders in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.
The article analyzes the significance of the Taman Peninsula as the most important strategic bridgehead of the Soviet Armed Forces in the Great Patriotic War. Thanks to the creation of a system of military infrastructure on Taman, the command of the Transcaucasian Front planned and carried out the largest landing operation of Soviet troops on the Kerch Peninsula in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War (December 26, 1941 – January 2, 1942). The author examines the unique phenomenon of the crossing of the Red Army and the Black Sea Fleet using the ice road through the Kerch Strait, from Taman to Kerch, in the winter of 1941–1942, which made it possible to strengthen properly the defense of the Kerch Peninsula and weaken the German offensive on the besieged Sevastopol. The publication assesses both the achievements and miscalculations of the Soviet command during the liberation of the Eastern Crimea and the defense of the North Caucasus in the winter of 1941 – in the spring of 1942. The article also shows the contribution of the soldiers of the Transcaucasian (later Crimean) Front and the Black Sea Fleet to the common cause of defeating the Nazi invaders in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.
Number of views: 396 Download in PDF
Boat “Chaikovsk”: Reconstruction of the Biography of the Ship
Russkaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 146-151.
Number of views: 414 Download in PDF
8. Russkaya Starina, 2020, 11(2): 146-151.
Abstract:
Among the ships and vessels named in honor of Udmurtia, the boat “Chaikovsk” stands apart. It got its name at a time when the Supreme Soviet of the Udmurt ASSR voted to rename Votkinsk to Chaikovsk, but the Supreme Soviet of the USSR did not support this initiative. On the basis of the personnel orders of the Sarapul operational office, the article attempts to reconstruct the vessel’s biography. Some facts were clarified by examining the office’s salary slips and annual reports of the Central Statistical Office. Based on the analysis of the vessel’s biography, it was assumed that it could belong to the type of river tugboat with a wooden hull, according to the classification of Yemelyanov and Krysov.
Among the ships and vessels named in honor of Udmurtia, the boat “Chaikovsk” stands apart. It got its name at a time when the Supreme Soviet of the Udmurt ASSR voted to rename Votkinsk to Chaikovsk, but the Supreme Soviet of the USSR did not support this initiative. On the basis of the personnel orders of the Sarapul operational office, the article attempts to reconstruct the vessel’s biography. Some facts were clarified by examining the office’s salary slips and annual reports of the Central Statistical Office. Based on the analysis of the vessel’s biography, it was assumed that it could belong to the type of river tugboat with a wooden hull, according to the classification of Yemelyanov and Krysov.
Number of views: 414 Download in PDF