3 September 25, 2015
Relevant Topic
1. Utash B. Ochirov
Three Stages of “Political Banditry” in the Territory of Kalmykia (1918–1927)
Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 156-167.
Number of views: 2097 Download in PDF
Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 156-167.
Abstract:
The article analyzes the peculiarities of the growth of so-called political banditry in the territory of Kalmykia in the period from 1918 to 1927. In the beginning of the paper, the author analyzes the validity of the term “political banditry” and comes to the conclusion that although this term is not ethically perfect, being marked by a negative connotation, another term to define the phenomenon is hard to find. Analyzing the development of “political banditry” in the territory of Kalmykia from 1918 to 1927, the author comes to the conclusion that the phenomenon appeared only since the beginning of the Civil war and has experienced three stages in its growth. The first stage (1918 – beginning of 1919) was associated mostly with the Red Army and with banditry of some Red Army units arrived from other regions, which in terms of chaos and impunity during the first year of the Civil war went too far in not separating requisition and mobilization – lawful from the point of view of the Soviet government – from outright robbery and violence. Some of them were declared criminals by the Soviet power and destroyed by the Red Guards. The second stage (1919–1920) is associated with the invasion of the White Guards in the Lower Volga region. Regular troops conducted their operations in the outskirts of Kalmykia, the steppe became an arena for action of small mobile groups, mostly White Guards or the people who considered themselves as such. A significant part of these units had an “insurgent band” origin, consisted of Kalmyks, dissatisfied with the Soviet government and was supported by the Whites, both materially and financially. However, in the second half of 1919, the Soviet government with considerable effort, managed to reverse the mood of the population in their favor. After the defeat of the White Army, a significant part of the “gang” laid down their arms in exchange for Amnesty and the insurgent movement in Kalmykia was destroyed. The third stage (1921–1927) of “political banditry” in the territory of Kalmykia, as well as throughout Russia, belonged to the “green” movement, which could be joined either by White officers, or Red commanders. It was caused by the reaction of the population to the economic policy of the “war communism”, and then to the excesses of local authorities in carrying out of the NEP (the New Economic Policy), which were superimposed on the harsh conditions of the mass famine of the early 1920s. After overcoming the crisis and the beginning of the growth of economic well-being of the Kalmyk settlements and communities, the strengthening of the Soviet-party apparatus and law enforcement agencies, the “insurgent band” stopped being supported internally, and by 1925 the “political gangsterism” was completely eliminated. The last remnants of the gangs were destroyed in 1927.
The article analyzes the peculiarities of the growth of so-called political banditry in the territory of Kalmykia in the period from 1918 to 1927. In the beginning of the paper, the author analyzes the validity of the term “political banditry” and comes to the conclusion that although this term is not ethically perfect, being marked by a negative connotation, another term to define the phenomenon is hard to find. Analyzing the development of “political banditry” in the territory of Kalmykia from 1918 to 1927, the author comes to the conclusion that the phenomenon appeared only since the beginning of the Civil war and has experienced three stages in its growth. The first stage (1918 – beginning of 1919) was associated mostly with the Red Army and with banditry of some Red Army units arrived from other regions, which in terms of chaos and impunity during the first year of the Civil war went too far in not separating requisition and mobilization – lawful from the point of view of the Soviet government – from outright robbery and violence. Some of them were declared criminals by the Soviet power and destroyed by the Red Guards. The second stage (1919–1920) is associated with the invasion of the White Guards in the Lower Volga region. Regular troops conducted their operations in the outskirts of Kalmykia, the steppe became an arena for action of small mobile groups, mostly White Guards or the people who considered themselves as such. A significant part of these units had an “insurgent band” origin, consisted of Kalmyks, dissatisfied with the Soviet government and was supported by the Whites, both materially and financially. However, in the second half of 1919, the Soviet government with considerable effort, managed to reverse the mood of the population in their favor. After the defeat of the White Army, a significant part of the “gang” laid down their arms in exchange for Amnesty and the insurgent movement in Kalmykia was destroyed. The third stage (1921–1927) of “political banditry” in the territory of Kalmykia, as well as throughout Russia, belonged to the “green” movement, which could be joined either by White officers, or Red commanders. It was caused by the reaction of the population to the economic policy of the “war communism”, and then to the excesses of local authorities in carrying out of the NEP (the New Economic Policy), which were superimposed on the harsh conditions of the mass famine of the early 1920s. After overcoming the crisis and the beginning of the growth of economic well-being of the Kalmyk settlements and communities, the strengthening of the Soviet-party apparatus and law enforcement agencies, the “insurgent band” stopped being supported internally, and by 1925 the “political gangsterism” was completely eliminated. The last remnants of the gangs were destroyed in 1927.
Number of views: 2097 Download in PDF
Articles and Statements
2. Evgeny F. Krinko
Images of the Family in Stalingrad Children's Memories
Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 168-189.
Number of views: 1919 Download in PDF
3. Alexandr V. BrovarRusskaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 168-189.
Abstract:
There is a large number of studies on the Battle of Stalingrad. However, the fate of the Stalingrad children is not analyzed enough. The paper conveys the image of a family in memory of the children of Stalingrad. This research is based on the results of the survey conducted in 2014–2015 among Volgograd inhabitants, witnesses of the Battle of Stalingrad in childhood and adolescence. The family largely determined the fate of the Stalingrad children. The structure and composition of the family have been changed. During the Battle of Stalingrad adult care, firstly care for children by the parents, became the main condition of their survival. The life perception peculiarities significantly influence the memoirs of a certain person. The childhood as a rule is idealized as compared with the events of adult life.
There is a large number of studies on the Battle of Stalingrad. However, the fate of the Stalingrad children is not analyzed enough. The paper conveys the image of a family in memory of the children of Stalingrad. This research is based on the results of the survey conducted in 2014–2015 among Volgograd inhabitants, witnesses of the Battle of Stalingrad in childhood and adolescence. The family largely determined the fate of the Stalingrad children. The structure and composition of the family have been changed. During the Battle of Stalingrad adult care, firstly care for children by the parents, became the main condition of their survival. The life perception peculiarities significantly influence the memoirs of a certain person. The childhood as a rule is idealized as compared with the events of adult life.
Number of views: 1919 Download in PDF
Changes in Сivil and Сriminal Legislation of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War
Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 180-186.
Number of views: 1970 Download in PDF
4. Maxim V. MedvedevRusskaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 180-186.
Abstract:
The amendments introduced into the civil and criminal legislation during the Great Patriotic War due to the transfer of the USSR to martial war are considered in the paper. It is connected with the practical application and change of the legislation in critical conditions, which can be caused by the crisis phenomena for stabilizing situation in the society.
The amendments introduced into the civil and criminal legislation during the Great Patriotic War due to the transfer of the USSR to martial war are considered in the paper. It is connected with the practical application and change of the legislation in critical conditions, which can be caused by the crisis phenomena for stabilizing situation in the society.
Number of views: 1970 Download in PDF
The Problems of Construction of the Stalingrad Defensive Line in 1941–1942
Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 187-193.
Number of views: 1903 Download in PDF
5. Alexey A. VolvenkoRusskaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 187-193.
Abstract:
The strategic defensive lines system developed by the state in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War was important for the fight against the attackers. The construction of the Stalingrad defensive line was one of the main tasks for the State Committee of Defense of the USSR in this stage of war. This paper examines the participation of the sappers and local population in the construction of the Stalingrad defensive line in 1941–1942, and analyzes the quality of the fortifications.
The strategic defensive lines system developed by the state in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War was important for the fight against the attackers. The construction of the Stalingrad defensive line was one of the main tasks for the State Committee of Defense of the USSR in this stage of war. This paper examines the participation of the sappers and local population in the construction of the Stalingrad defensive line in 1941–1942, and analyzes the quality of the fortifications.
Number of views: 1903 Download in PDF
Kazakomanstvo. Don case (the 1860s). Part III
Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 194-207.
Number of views: 2037 Download in PDF
6. Elena V. GodovovaRusskaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 194-207.
Abstract:
The paper analyzes landmark texts for the “Cossack-mania” trend by I.I. Krasnov, A.A. Leonov, Kh.I. Popov. These works touch upon the issue of “the Cossack nationality”. The research reveals the details of the correspondence of D.A. Milyutin and the army nakazny ataman P.H. Grabbe concerning the “capture” of the Don Army Sheets by the “party of isolation”. The research results are presented.
The paper analyzes landmark texts for the “Cossack-mania” trend by I.I. Krasnov, A.A. Leonov, Kh.I. Popov. These works touch upon the issue of “the Cossack nationality”. The research reveals the details of the correspondence of D.A. Milyutin and the army nakazny ataman P.H. Grabbe concerning the “capture” of the Don Army Sheets by the “party of isolation”. The research results are presented.
Number of views: 2037 Download in PDF
Organization of the Village Self-Government as the Basis of the Cossack Daily Life (The Case of the Kuban Cossack Host)
Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 208-217.
Number of views: 1970 Download in PDF
Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 208-217.
Abstract:
The paper presents the evolution of the formation of the local government system in the Kuban Cossack Host in Russia. This system has been transformed at the beginning of the 20th century. Growing disunity based on the difference of property possessions, education level, and psychological conflicts along with administrative pressure resulted in the reducing responsibility of the elected persons, and the increasing degree of laziness and indifference of the Cossacks. But, despite this, the Cossack communities continued to live, to regulate the property relations, to solve social problems.
The paper presents the evolution of the formation of the local government system in the Kuban Cossack Host in Russia. This system has been transformed at the beginning of the 20th century. Growing disunity based on the difference of property possessions, education level, and psychological conflicts along with administrative pressure resulted in the reducing responsibility of the elected persons, and the increasing degree of laziness and indifference of the Cossacks. But, despite this, the Cossack communities continued to live, to regulate the property relations, to solve social problems.
Number of views: 1970 Download in PDF
Casus: The History of Russia in the Small Peas
7. Aleksandra V. Gayvoronskaya
The Everyday Leisure Practices of the Kuban Cossack Host Officers in the Second Half of the 19th – the Early 20th Centuries
Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 218-227.
Number of views: 1859 Download in PDF
8. Russkaya Starina, 2015, Vol.(15), Is. 3, pp. 218-227.
Abstract:
The paper analyzes leisure practices of the Kuban Cossack officers in the second half of the 19th – the early 20th centuries and factors influencing their choise. Various forms of leisure and entertainment accessible to different groups of the Cossack officers are reconstructed on the basis of analysing memoirs, diaries and other sources. The author describes trips to the neighbouring towns, amateur performances, visiting officers’ clubs, amateur photography, riding, hunting etc.
The paper analyzes leisure practices of the Kuban Cossack officers in the second half of the 19th – the early 20th centuries and factors influencing their choise. Various forms of leisure and entertainment accessible to different groups of the Cossack officers are reconstructed on the basis of analysing memoirs, diaries and other sources. The author describes trips to the neighbouring towns, amateur performances, visiting officers’ clubs, amateur photography, riding, hunting etc.
Number of views: 1859 Download in PDF